The SPIRIT Intervention Model in the United States and Its Enlightenment for China

Advance care planning (ACP) is a crucial measure to ensure patient autonomy and improve end-of-life care quality. The sharing patient's illness representation to increase trust (SPIRIT) intervention is one of the most successful ACP intervention studies in the United States. By systematically reviewing the development and characteristics of the SPIRIT intervention, this study focuses on its strengths and weaknesses. Research findings indicate that the sustained clinical application of the SPIRIT intervention lies in its comprehensive intervention system. Based on this, new insights are proposed: building the ACP intervention system based on social and cultural contexts, evaluating it from a comprehensive and broad perspective, and applying it with continuous quality improvement as the goal.