Battery Thermal Management System: A Review on Recent Progress, Challenges and Limitations

In electric vehicles (EVs), wearable electronics, and large-scale energy storage installations, Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS) are crucial to battery performance, efficiency, and lifespan. This comprehensive analysis covers the latest BTMS advances and provides an overview of current methods and technologies. Recent developments in passive and active thermal management are covered in the following sections. The simplicity and efficiency of passive solutions like phase change materials and thermal insulators are highlighted. Operational systems, such as liquid cooling, air cooling, and sophisticated refrigeration, are precise and adaptable. BTMS still faces several obstacles despite advances. Non-uniform battery pack temperature distribution, thermal runaway hazards, and BTMS integration in tight locations are discussed. The review also highlights material limits, energy consumption trade-offs, and scalability issues in present techniques. This review provides a comprehensive history of BTMS, identifying knowledge and technological gaps and suggesting battery technology research and development for academics, industry veterans, and newcomers.