Advancements and Challenges in Hydrogen Storage Technologies

\nThe over-reliance on fossil fuels has led to severe pollution issues, prompting the development of renewable energy sources. Hydrogen energy, with its abundant reserves and environmentally friendly byproducts, is a promising alternative. Efficient and safe HS is crucial for its widespread application. This review analyzes several HS methods and materials, focusing on their principles, performance, advantages, and disadvantages. The storage of high-pressure gaseous hydrogen is mature and low-cost but has low density and safety risks. Low-temperature liquid HS offers higher density but involves significant energy consumption and costs. Solid-state hydrogen storage (SHS), including carbon materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and metal hydride material, shows potential for high density and purity but faces challenges in material costs and performance. The paper highlights advancements in activated carbon, graphene, carbon nanotubes, MOFs, and Mg-based and Ti-based metal hydrides. It discusses the progress and challenges in improving HS capacities, stability, and costeffectiveness. Future research will focus on increasing HS density, reducing costs, and enhancing safety through interdisciplinary collaboration. This review provides insights into the current state and future directions of HS technologies, essential for advancing the hydrogen economy and achieving sustainable energy solutions.\n