Key Technologies of Automotive Fuel Cells and Their Comparison with Pure Electric Batteries

Climate change is pressing issue in the contemporary global economy, exacerbated by unsustainable development practices that adversely impact both human populations and ecosystems. Alongside these environmental challenges, the world faces an unprecedented energy crisis characterized by increasing global demand and the depletion of fossil fuel reserves, necessitating a shift towards sustainable alternatives. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) and pure electric vehicles (EVs), focusing on their emission reduction and energy utilization capabilities. FCVs, using electrochemical reactions between hydrogen and oxygen, offer high energy conversion efficiency and quick refueling but face challenges related to high production costs and limited hydrogen infrastructure. EVs, powered by lithium-ion batteries, provide high efficiency, ease of charging, and strong market acceptance, though integrating solid-state lithium batteries presents technical challenges. The paper also explores advancements in catalyst and membrane technologies for FCVs, and battery performance improvements for EVs. Economic comparisons highlight the current cost advantages of EVs, while future sustainability will depend on advancements in materials, manufacturing, and recycling processes. This research aims to inform the development of nextgeneration transportation technologies that address both environmental and energy challenges.