A Comprehensive Literature Review of STEM Education in Informal Learning Environments: Transforming Playgrounds in China

\nThe integration of STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics) education in the United States has been extensively researched, yielding a substantial body of scholarly work from 1990 to 2023. Internationally, two notable success stories stand out: the Exploratorium in San Francisco and the Discovery Park at Prisma in San Juan, Puerto Rico. These programs have demonstrated significant practical achievements and offer valuable models for STEAM education. Conversely, mainland China lacks comparable mature cases and systematic research in this area. This study represents the first field investigation in China that integrates STEAM education with practical application, conducted at a playground in Tianjin. By drawing from previous research and successful projects like those implemented in San Francisco and Prisma, we aim to transform the Tianjin playground into a dynamic venue that facilitates informal learning opportunities. Through this research, we strive to bridge the gap in STEAM education in China and provide a foundational reference for future educational reforms.\n