In Situ Graphitization\nof Bamboo-Derived Carbon and\nSynergistic Thinning Strategy for Multilayer Graphene Conversion:\nBypassing the Graphite Exfoliation Process

Graphene has long been regarded as a potential anode\nmaterial for\nnext-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, in light of\nthe urgent global demand to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, adopting\neco-friendly and sustainable methods is imperative. This study presents\na cost-effective, streamlined, and environmentally friendly approach\nfor converting bamboo-derived carbon into multilayer graphene (thickness:\n∼4.74 nm) through a one-step molten salt electrochemical process.\nBy replacing the graphite anode with a nickel-based alloy during electrolysis,\nCO<sub>2</sub> emissions can be further reduced. Additionally, the\nuse of Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>–K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> molten salt medium facilitates the removal of silica impurities\n(SiO<sub>2</sub> + Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> = Na<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>3</sub> + CO<sub>2</sub>), thereby eliminating the need for additional\npurification steps. Furthermore, the “Graphitized Synergistic\nThinning Strategy” enables one-step graphitization and conversion\ninto multilayer graphene (Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> + C = 2CO(g)\n+ Na<sub>2</sub>O), removing the need for exfoliation postgraphitization.\nIn situ Raman analysis demonstrates its excellent electrochemical\nreversibility, retaining 87% of capacity after 1000 cycles. Additionally,\nthe scalability of multilayer graphene conversion has been further\nexplored, providing a pathway for the large-scale, low-cost, streamlined,\nand sustainable conversion of biomass-derived carbon into multilayer\ngraphene anodes.