<i>In Vitro</i> and <i>In Vivo</i> Studies of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles\nwith Galactose Coating\nas a Prospective Drug Carrier

In today’s medicine, progress often depends on\nnew products\nwith special qualities. Nanotechnology focuses on the creation of\nmaterials tailored to fulfill specific therapeutic requirements. This\nstudy aims to elucidate the potential of nanoparticles, particularly\ntitanium dioxide nanoparticles, as carriers for pharmaceutical agents.\nTo mitigate the release of potentially harmful titanium ions from\nthe carrier’s surface, modifications were implemented. In the\ninitial phase, titanium dioxide, nanoparticles were obtained based\non the sol–gel method, and their surfaces were coated with\ngalactose. Characterization of these materials encompassed analysis\nof the particle size, specific surface area, microscopic morphology,\nand titanium ion release. Additionally, drug release profiles, particularly\nthose of tadalafil, were investigated. <i>In vitro</i> assessments\nwere conducted to evaluate the cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of\nthe developed materials on CHO cells. The findings revealed a reduction\nin titanium ion release from the modified carrier compared to its\nunmodified counterpart. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats demonstrated\nenhanced absorption of the drug when the drug was delivered using\nthe modified carrier. The synthesized materials exhibited high purity\nand favorable surface properties conducive to effective drug–carrier\ninteractions. The results suggest that the modified titanium dioxide\nnanoparticles hold promise as efficient drug delivery vehicles in\nbiomedical applications.