Approaching Ideal\nSelectivity with Bioinspired and\nBiomimetic Membranes

The applications of polymeric membranes have grown rapidly\ncompared\nto traditional separation technologies due to their energy efficiency\nand smaller footprint. However, their potential is not fully realized\ndue, in part, to their heterogeneity, which results in a “permeability–selectivity”\ntrade-off for most membrane applications. Inspired by the intricate\narchitecture and excellent homogeneity of biological membranes, bioinspired\nand biomimetic membranes (BBMs) aim to emulate biological membranes\nfor practical applications. This Review highlights the potential of\nBBMs to overcome the limitations of polymeric membranes by utilizing\nthe “division of labor” between well-defined permeable\npores and impermeable matrix molecules seen in biological membranes.\nWe explore the exceptional performance of membranes in biological\norganisms, focusing on their two major components: membrane proteins\n(biological channels) and lipid matrix molecules. We then discuss\nhow these natural materials can be replaced with artificial mimics\nfor enhanced properties and how macro-scale BBMs are developed. We\nhighlight key demonstrations in the field of BBMs that draw upon the\nfactors responsible for transport through biological membranes. Additionally,\ncurrent state-of-the-art methods for fabrication of BBMs are reviewed\nwith potential challenges and prospects for future applications. Finally,\nwe provide considerations for future research that could enable BBMs\nto progress toward scale-up and enhanced applicability.