Site-SelectiveApproaches to Attain Fluorescent HumanInsulin Conjugates: Balancing the Site of Labeling and the <i>In Vivo</i> Activity

Fluorescent insulin is commonly used for a range of detection and imaging purposes. Achieving site-selective insulin labeling affords superior labeling yield while retaining its biological activity. Insulin labeling is usually achieved using commercial kits with minimal emphasis on the site and degree of labeling. To bridge this gap, this work highlights the essential parameters concerning the development of fluorescent insulin and reflects them on the biological activity of insulin <i>in vivo</i>. To this end, monolabeled insulin at the N-terminal of A chain (Gly^A1-N-FITC-insulin) was prepared using the minimal equivalents of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) dye. In our hands, temperature and pH control were the main parameters affecting the reaction yield, with no dilabeled insulin being attained. To label the N-terminal of the B chain (Phe^B1-N-FITC-insulin), di<i>-tert</i>-butyl decarbonate, known as Boc anhydride, was used before FITC labeling. The attained insulin conjugates, namely, Gly^A1-N-FITC-insulin and Phe^B1-N-FITC-insulin, were characterized using protein mass spectroscopy and peptide analysis. A third fluorescent conjugate was prepared using α-haloacetyl-based chemistry. This chemistry’s advantage is maintaining the chain A N-terminal amine basicity, which was essential for its activity. Using α-haloacetyl-based chemistry, azide group-functionalized insulin was prepared, which was further clicked with fluorescent dye affording Gly^A1-N-Cy5-insulin. According to the <i>in vivo</i> efficacy study of the three insulin conjugates, both fluorescent Gly^A1-N-FITC-insulin and Gly^A1-N-Cy5-insulin retained the insulin biological activity, suggesting no structural alteration upon the conjugation conditions. Hence, both Gly^A1-N-FITC-insulin and Gly^A1-N-Cy5-insulin are effective in labeling and, more importantly, maintaining the <i>in vivo</i> activity of insulin. Lastly, <i>in vitro</i> binding of Gly^A1-N-FITC-insulin was successful when it was assayed in NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells. This work has provided facile conjugation approaches for site-specific insulin labeling with dyes or clickable chemistry in conjunction with insulin’s <i>in vivo</i> biological activity.