Flexible\nPhotoacoustic Device Integrating Electroluminescence,\nPiezoelectric Vibration, and Pressure Sensing

Marine\norganisms rely on the integration of light, sound, and pressure\nsensing for essential activities such as communication, hunting, and\npredator evasion. Current bioinspired devices, however, are limited\nby independent sensing modules, leading to complex designs and reduced\nadaptability. This study addresses these challenges by developing\na multifunctional flexible photoacoustic device (MFPAD) that integrates\nelectroluminescence, piezoelectric vibration, and pressure sensing\ninto a single structure. Using airflow-assisted electrospinning, the\ndevice’s fibrous layers were fabricated to optimize mechanical\nproperties and enable synchronized responses to luminescence, sound,\nand pressure. Evaluations showed that MFPAD is highly sensitive to\npressure changes, with corresponding light emissions, and efficient\nsound output modulated by input voltage and frequency. The device\nalso enabled real-time posture tracking in robotic fish using an image\nrecognition algorithm based on luminescence. Additionally, deep learning\nmodels allowed for the reconstruction of missing key points during\nmotion. These findings demonstrate the promising potential of MFPAD\nfor advancing bioinspired systems with multimodal sensing capabilities,\noffering a scalable solution for complex environments.