Origin of Reliable\nHigh-Power Performances of PbZr<sub>0.5</sub>Ti<sub>0.5</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–Pb(Mn<sub>1/3</sub>Nb<sub>2/3</sub>)O<sub>3</sub>‑Based\nPiezoelectric Ceramics

High-power piezoelectric ceramics typically operate under\nsevere\nconditions. This makes the accurate evaluation of their high-power\nperformances through pure quasi-static parameters challenging. The\n0.94PbZr<sub>0.5</sub>Ti<sub>0.5</sub>O<sub>3</sub> – 0.06Pb(Mn<sub>1/3</sub>Nb<sub>2/3</sub>)O<sub>3</sub> + 0.005Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 0.002Sc<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (PZT-1) ceramic exhibits\nexceptional and reliable high-power performances at elevated temperatures\nand under loading conditions. While numerous PZT-based ceramics demonstrate\nexcellent quasi-static parameters, only the PZT-1 ceramic displays\nsuperior high-field parameters, such as a low tan δ of 0.97%\nat 566 V/mm (1 kHz) and a large <i>Q</i><sub>m</sub> of\n1164 at 50 V/mm (100 kHz). Therefore, the PZT-1 ceramic demonstrates\nremarkably slow heat generation and the highest surface temperatures\nare only 41.8 °C at 50 V/mm (100 kHz). Moreover, the PZT-1 ceramic\nshows a minimal resonance frequency variation of −0.04% in\nthe temperature range of 25–120 °C at 50 V/mm. Consequently,\nthe PZT-1 ceramic maintains a high and reliable vibration velocity\nof 0.90 m/s at 120 °C for 30 min, and the ceramic cantilever\nsustains a high amplitude of 7 μm, significantly outperforming\nother ceramics. This study conclusively demonstrates that high-field\nparameters, rather than quasi-static parameters, are more effective\nin accurately estimating the high-power performances of ceramics.