UnexpectedLarge Electrostatic Gating by PyroelectricCharge Accumulation

Pyroelectricity refers to the accumulation of charges due to changes in the spontaneous polarization of ferroelectric materials when subjected to temperature variations. Typically, these pyroelectric charges are considered unstable and dissipate quickly through interactions with the external environment. Consequently, the pyroelectric effect has been largely overlooked in ferroelectric field-effect transistors. In this work, we leverage the van der Waals interface of hBN to achieve a substantial and long-term electrostatic gating effect in graphene devices via the pyroelectric properties of a ferroelectric LiNbO₃ substrate. Upon cooling, the polarization change in LiNbO₃ induces high doping concentrations of up to 10¹³ cm^–2 in the adjacent graphene. Through a combination of transport measurements and noncontact techniques, we demonstrate that the pyroelectric charge accumulation, as well as its enhancement in electric fields, are responsible for this unexpectedly high doping level. Our findings introduce a novel mechanism for voltage-free electrostatic gating control with long retention.