Tailoring the Transport\nLayer Interface for Relative\nIndoor and Outdoor Photovoltaic Performance

The ability to achieve notable indoor power conversion\nefficiency\n(PCE) makes organic photovoltaics (OPV) a potential technology for\nindoor applications. Currently, ongoing research in indoor OPVs focuses\non improving both their indoor PCE and their stability. However, little\nattention has been given to investigating the fabrication yield of\n indoor OPVs, a pivotal determinant of their potential commercial\nviability. In this study, we discovered that despite assessing the\nPCE of OPVs under indoor and solar illumination conditions using the\nsame devices, the fabrication yields under these distinct light sources\nvary significantly. Employing diverse analytical measurements, we\nelucidated the underlying mechanisms contributing to this variance.\nOur findings suggest that disparities in fabrication yield resulted\nfrom the interfacial interactions between the hole transport layer\n(HTL) and the active layer. Particularly, the interfacial behavior\nbetween these layers plays a decisive role in achieving elevated fabrication\nyields in indoor OPVs. Furthermore, we demonstrate the function of\na combination of two HTLs (TAPC/MoO<sub>3</sub>), which not only enhances\nthe indoor PCE of OPVs but also substantially improves the fabrication\nyield of indoor OPVs. Our study offers insights and critical guidance\nfor the advancement of indoor OPVs with high fabrication yields.