Molecular DynamicsInvestigation into the Stabilityof KRas and CRaf Multimeric Complexes

In the Ras/Raf/MAPK signaling pathway, Ras and Raf proteins interact synergistically to form a tetrameric complex. NMR experiments have demonstrated that Ras dimerizes in solution and binds stably to Raf, forming Ras·Raf complexes. In this study, we constructed the ternary and quaternary complexes of KRas and CRaf based on crystal structures, denoted as (KRas)₂·CRaf and (KRas)₂·(CRaf)₂, respectively. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to investigate the stability of these complexes, while hydrogen bonds as well as salt bridges formed at the protein–protein interaction interfaces were analyzed based on simulation trajectories. The results revealed that the KRas·CRaf complex is more stable in explicit solvent compared with the KRas dimer. Formation of the stable quaternary complex (KRas)₂·(CRaf)₂ might be attributed to the association of two binary KRas·CRaf complexes. Additionally, MD simulations of the KRasG12D·CRaf complex revealed a stable and extended binding site at the KRas–CRaf interaction interface. This binding site was identified as a potential therapeutic target to block abnormal signal transmission in the pathway.