Optimization and Validation of a Cheaper, Safer, and\nMore Sustainable Methodology for Aflatoxins Determination in Rich-Lipidic\nMatrices (Pistachio Nuts) Using Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction\nand UHPLC-FLD Analysis

Aflatoxins\npose a major health concern and require strict monitoring\nin food products. Existing methods rely on hazardous organic solvents\nfor extraction, prompting the development of a greener alternative.\nThis study explores deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for aflatoxin extraction\nfrom pistachios, a valuable food product prone to aflatoxin contamination.\nThe proposed method utilizes DES extraction followed by solid-phase\nextraction cleanup and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography\ncoupled with fluorescence detector analysis. Recovery rates ranged\nfrom 85.5 to 99.1% for pistachios spiked with 1–8 ng/g aflatoxins,\nin compliance with EU regulations, with coefficients of variation\nless than 2.94%. The method demonstrates good sensitivity with limits\nof detection and quantification in the range of 0.02–0.22 ng/g\nand 0.05–0.72 ng/g, respectively. Greenness assessment using\nAGREEPrep and White Analytical Chemistry metrics confirms its environmental\nsustainability. This approach offers a promising, safer, and more\neco-friendly alternative for aflatoxin extraction from complex food\nmatrices like pistachios.