DinuclearHeteroleptic Erbium Complexes for ImprovingMolecular-Based Light Upconversion in Solution?

In an attempt to boost molecular-based excited-state absorption (ESA) via cross-relaxation (CR), the back-to-back ditridentate polyaromatic 2,2′,6,6′-tetrakis­(1-methyl-1<i>H</i>-benzo­[<i>d</i>]­imidazole-2-yl)-4,4′-bipyridine ligand (<b>L4</b>) was reacted with neutral [Ln­(hfac)₃] lanthanide cargoes (Ln = Y, Eu, and Er and H-hfac = 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoropentane-2,4-dione) to give dinuclear erbium [(hfac)₃Ln<b>L4</b>Ln­(hfac)₃] ≡ [<b>L4</b>Ln₂(hfac)₆] adducts. Their crystal structures confirm the formation of dimeric molecular scaffolds made of two nine-coordinated trivalent [LnN₃O₆] chromophores separated by a 4,4′-bipyridine bridge with Ln···Ln distances within the nanometric range (Eu···Eu = 11.69 Å, Y···Y = 11.65 Å, and Er···Er = 12.12 Å). Thermodynamic studies in dichloromethane provide critical insights into the formation and stability of these adducts. Under near-infrared (NIR) excitation at 801 nm in solution, [<b>L4</b>Er₂(hfac)₆] exhibits ESA light upconversion with blueish-green emissions at 525 and 542 nm corresponding to Er­(²H_11/2,⁴S_3/2 → ⁴I_15/2) transitions. Thanks to the pertinent speciation in dichloromethane, we could extract a reliable upconversion quantum yield and brightness for the targeted dinuclear [<b>L4</b>Er₂(hfac)₆] adduct in solution. They largely overpass by 2 orders of magnitude those of the unsaturated mononuclear [<b>L4</b>Er­(hfac)₃] intermediate but remain comparable to data reported for related saturated monomeric adducts in the same conditions. No global beneficial cross-relaxation effect could thus be unambiguously identified.