AntiproteinCorona-Fouling Effect of the Double-StrandedDNA Coating Layer on the Gold Nanoparticles-Small Molecule AdsorbentProbe

The formation of a protein corona (PC) can significantly impact the detection ability of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-small molecule adsorbent probes based on competitive adsorption. To alleviate this problem, in this study, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) was introduced to modify the AuNP probes to mitigate the negative effect of PCs on the detection of small molecules by taking the AuNPs-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) probe-based detection of ambroxol hydrochloride (AMB) as a study model. It was found that based on the dsDNA-modified AuNPs-DCF probe (dsDNA@AuNPs-DCF), the accuracy for the detection of AMB was significantly improved, which might be attributed to the isolation of proteins from the surface of AuNPs while still allowing small molecules to access the surface due to the introduction of rigid dsDNA. Further, the effect of the strand length and the number of dsDNA modified on the surface of AuNPs on the antifouling performance was then investigated, and it was found that the LOD value of AMB in artificial milk samples by dsDNA_10bp⁹⁰@AuNPs-DCF probes (with 10 base strand length and 90:1 ratio of dsDNA to AuNPs) is decreased more than 2-fold compared with that by the AuNPs-DCF probe. Moreover, based on dsDNA_10bp⁹⁰@AuNPs-DCF probes, the recovery rates of AMB analyzed in commercial milk samples greatly improved compared with that with the AuNPs-DCF probe, particularly when the samples contained AMB with much lower concentrations. This study demonstrates a dsDNA-based antiprotein corona-fouling strategy for the AuNPs-small molecule adsorbent probe, which provides beneficial ideas for dealing with the interference resulting from PCs to the studying of biological samples.