MXene quantum lands: emerging trends and breakthroughs

Chemically stable two-dimensional MXene quantum dots (MQDs) have gained significant attention owing to their exceptional optical properties, tunable surface chemistry, and promising biocompatibility. Leveraging these properties, MQDs have found broad applicability across diverse domains, including optoelectronics (LEDs, lasers, detectors, and solar cells), energy storage (batteries and supercapacitors) and energy conversion (CO₂ reduction and hydrogen evolution), sensing, and biomedicine. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in eco-friendly synthesis and surface modification strategies aimed at enhancing the radiative recombination efficiency of fluorescent MQDs. Furthermore, we critically assess the wide-ranging practical applications of MQDs and evaluate the progress achieved through both experimental and computational approaches. Special emphasis is placed on the most promising avenues for improving their optical performance and integration into high-efficiency devices. Finally, we outline key challenges and offer insights into future research directions. This review bridges fundamental understanding with technological development, reinforcing the transformative potential of MQDs in next-generation applications.