Etiology-specific optimal timing of surgical intervention for intracranial hemorrhage: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

Early surgical intervention, particularly within 24-48 hours, improves outcomes in many cases of ICH. However, optimal timing varies with hemorrhage type. The findings resolve previous discrepancies by illustrating that treatment effects are contingent upon both the timeframe and the underlying pathology. Personalized timing strategies are essential, and further high-quality randomized trials are needed to refine clinical guidelines.