Effects of Propolis and Algae (Amphora coffeaeformis ) on Growth, Health, and Immunity of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Given the increasing global demand for animal protein and the need for sustainable aquaculture practices, the use of natural feed additives has gained considerable attention. The study investigated the synergistic effects of dietary propolis and algae supplementation on growth performance, hematological and biochemical indices, immune response, and tissue health of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish were randomly assigned to ten groups: four levels of propolis (2, 4, 6, and 8 g/kg), four levels of algae (2, 4, 6, and 8 g/kg), , and a control group. The dietary supplementation of either propolis or algae (each at 6 g/kg) yielded the highest significant improvements in growth traits, including final body weight, specific growth rate, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05). Hematological parameters (RBCs, WBCs, hemoglobin, and hematocrit) were significantly enhanced, indicating improved blood health and immune activation. Furthermore, plasma biochemical indicators showed elevated total protein, albumin, and globulin levels, while hepatic enzymes (AST and ALT) were reduced, reflecting improved liver function and metabolic efficiency. Immune competence was also strengthened, as evidenced by significant increases in lysozyme activity, phagocytic activity, and antibody titers. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with either propolis or algae at 6 g/kg is an effective strategy to simultaneously improve growth performance, health, and immune competence in Nile tilapia. These findings highlight the potential of these natural feed additives as sustainable and eco-friendly strategies for advancing aquaculture productivity.