Coronary Artery Ectasia: Etiology, Pathogenesis: Review Article

Background: Coronary artery ectasia (CAE) is an infrequent vascular anomaly marked via diffuse or localized dilation of the coronary arteries which excceds1.5 times the diameter of neighboring usual parts. It affects 1.2-7.4% of cases having coronary angiography, with a male predominance. CAE is associated with enhanced thrombogenicity, inflammation and clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic states to acute coronary syndromes, often linked to atherosclerosis, congenital factors, or inflammatory conditions. Objective: This article aimed to analyze the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical implications of CAE, synthesizing current evidence to highlight its impact on patient outcomes and healthcare management. Methods: We conducted a narrative literature review using peer-reviewed studies, systematic reviews, and global reports published in recent years. Evidence was synthesized from sources like PubMed and Science Direct, focusing on definitions, historical context, prevalence, pathogenic mechanisms, and clinical significance. Non-English documents and unpublished works were excluded. Conclusion: CAE arises from multifactorial etiologies including atherosclerosis, genetic polymorphisms, inflammation and hemodynamic factors leading to vessel remodeling and complications like thrombosis, embolism and myocardial infarction. Strict adherence to diagnostic and management protocols can mitigate risks, though prognosis remains variable. Effective strategies require ongoing research into targeted therapies to improve outcomes and reduce morbidity.