Exploring Canine Leishmaniasis: From Historical Background to Modern Treatment Strategies

Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is an important zoonotic vector-borne disease caused mainly by Leishmania infantum (L. infantum) and transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies. The disease remains a major veterinary and public health concern worldwide, particularly in tropical, subtropical, and Mediterranean regions. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of CanL by integrating historical perspectives with current knowledge on its etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and control strategies. Evidence from historical and paleopathological records indicates that leishmaniasis has affected humans and animals since ancient civilizations, while contemporary data demonstrate its continued spread and re-emergence, driven by factors such as climate change, urbanization, and increased movement of animals. Clinically, CanL presents a wide spectrum ranging from asymptomatic infection to severe systemic disease, complicating diagnosis and management. Advances in parasitological, serological, and molecular diagnostic methods have improved detection; however, limitations in sensitivity, specificity, and interpretation remain. Current therapeutic protocols can control clinical signs and reduce parasite burden but rarely achieve complete parasitological cure, with relapse remaining a frequent challenge. Prevention and control rely on integrated approaches including vector control, vaccination, early diagnosis, and proper case management. In Iraq and other endemic regions, the high prevalence of infection in dogs highlights their central role as reservoirs and emphasizes the need for one health–based strategies. Overall, this review underscores the importance of multidisciplinary and coordinated efforts to reduce the veterinary and public health impact of CanL.