New Cytological method in the diagnosis of metabolic diseases by counting cells in buccal smear

The oral mucosa is highly sensitive to most pathological conditions such as anemia, infectious diseases, metabolic diseases, and vitamin deficiency, Metabolic diseases are the result of a malfunction in the metabolic process, as metabolism is defined as the sum of chemical reactions within biological systems to keep them responsive to environmental signals, i.e. Alive This study aimed to evaluate Cytomorphometric changes in the oral epithelial cells using exfoliative cytology and to study the relationship between the cell numbers calculated in the buccal smear in the oral cavity of people with diseases related to metabolic processes and health. The study population included 80 individuals divided into four groups: diabetes group 20 individuals, celiac group 20, obesity group 20 and healthy group 20. Buccal smears were stained with H&E and PAS, and nuclear diameter (ND), cytoplasmic diameter (CyD), and nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio (N: C ratio) were measured using an eyepiece micr-oculometer. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences at a significance level of 0.05 in the number of cells; there was also a statistically significant decrease in cytoplasmic diameter and nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio. There was an increase in nucleus diameter, but it was not statistically significant. These results indicate that metabolic diseases can cause Cytomorphometric changes, as well as changes in cell numbers and cell renewal in oral epithelial cells, which supports the possibility of adopting a new non-invasive diagnostic method to diagnose metabolic diseases.