Prevention of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) using oral Moringa oleifera leaf powder as an alternative to antibiotics

This study investigates the immunostimulatory effects of Moringa oleifera leaf powder on Pacific white shrimp ( Penaeus vannamei ) challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus . Shrimp were orally administered Moringa powder at varying doses (0.5, 0.75, and 1 g/kg) for 30 days before being exposed to V. parahaemolyticus (10⁷ CFU/mL). Post-challenge, shrimp fed Moringa-supplemented diets exhibited a significantly higher survival rate and enhanced non-specific immune responses compared to the control group. Among the tested doses, 0.5 g/kg was the most effective in improving shrimp immunity and growth performance. Gene expression analysis further confirmed the immunomodulatory effects of Moringa supplementation, with significant upregulation of key immune-related genes, including lipopolysaccharide and beta-1,3-glucan binding protein (LGBP), serine protease (SP), and peroxinectin (PE). These findings indicate an improved immune defense mechanism in shrimp. The presence of bioactive compounds such as lectins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids in Moringa is likely responsible for its immunostimulatory properties. Overall, this study highlights Moringa leaf powder as a promising natural immunostimulant and a potential alternative to antibiotics for disease prevention in shrimp aquaculture. The optimal dietary inclusion level for enhanced immunity and survival was determined to be 0.5 g/kg. Further research is recommended to explore the long-term effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of Moringa supplementation in shrimp health management.