DELAYED ONSET MUSCLE SORENESS (DOMS): MECHANISMS, PREVENTION, AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES – A COMPREHENSIVE NARRATIVE REVIEW

Background: Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) is a prevalent physiological response to strenuous or novel physical activity, particularly eccentric muscle contractions. It is characterized by delayed muscle pain, stiffness, swelling, and transient reductions in strength and range of motion. DOMS can negatively impact athletic performance, exercise adherence, and quality of life. Objective: This narrative review aims to comprehensively examine the underlying mechanisms of DOMS, evaluate evidence-based prevention and treatment strategies, and provide practical recommendations for clinicians and athletes. Methods: A systematic search of the scientific literature was conducted, including randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses published in the past decade. The focus was on interventions such as cryotherapy, massage, foam rolling, acupuncture, kinesiotaping, electromagnetic stimulation, curcumin, omega-3 fatty acids, anthocyanins, and herbal extracts. Results: Cryotherapy, massage, and foam rolling consistently demonstrate efficacy in reducing muscle soreness and improving recovery markers. Nutritional strategies, particularly curcumin and omega-3 supplementation, show significant potential in attenuating inflammation and oxidative stress. Emerging modalities like kinesiotaping and electromagnetic stimulation warrant further research but offer promising adjunctive benefits. Conclusion: Effective DOMS management requires a multimodal, individualized approach that integrates progressive exercise adaptation, targeted physical therapies, and evidence-based nutritional supplementation. Further high-quality studies are necessary to optimize protocols and confirm long-term safety and effectiveness.