Quasi-MOFs in water treatment: Synthesis, characterization, and applications

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are widely investigated for water purification, yet conventional materials are often limited by saturated metal nodes that restrict active-site accessibility and by microporous channels that impede mass transport. Defect engineering provides a means to generate unsaturated metal sites and hierarchical porosity while preserving framework integrity. Quasi-MOFs occupy a distinct position within this landscape, retaining partial long-range order and local coordination environments of the parent MOF while incorporating controlled defects that yield high densities of coordinatively unsaturated sites and multimodal pore structures. In this review, we summarize synthetic strategies that enable precise control of defect type, density, and distribution in quasi-MOFs, including thermal activation, post-synthetic ligand exchange, and modulated coordination approaches. We examine advanced characterization techniques that reveal correlations between engineered defects and enhanced pollutant diffusion and catalytic activation. Applications in adsorptive removal and advanced oxidation/reduction processes are analyzed, highlighting performance advantages derived from improved site accessibility and transport kinetics relative to pristine MOFs. Finally, we discuss persisting challenges, including hydrolytic stability, scalable synthesis, and detailed structure-activity relationships, and outline future directions for translating quasi-MOFs into practical water-treatment technologies.