The Disunity of Robustness: Hubble Tension

The paper examines how conceptual disunity in robustness analysis (RA) can generate contradictory interpretations of the Hubble tension, the discrepancy between independent measurements of the universe’s expansion rate. I will consider different philosophical accounts of robustness and how they apply to cosmological practice. I then demonstrate how each framework validates conflicting conclusions. More specifically, I show how Levins’ model comparison, Woodward’s measurement invariance, and Weisberg’s representational accounts each justify different interpretations of whether systematic errors or new physics explain the tension.