Innovative approaches to HER2 detection: Biosensors in breast cancer management

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women globally, accounting for approximately 670,000 deaths in 2022. The overexpression of the HER2 protein in breast cancer has established it as a pivotal target for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Recent advancements in biosensor technology have significantly improved the detection, monitoring, and treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer. This review focuses on the latest innovations in biosensor design and functionality, including the use of nanomaterials, electrochemical, and optical biosensors, all tailored for the sensitive and specific detection of HER2. We explore not only recent advancements but also conventional methods such as FISH, CISH, and IHC, demonstrating how these approaches, in conjunction with biosensor technologies, facilitate real-time monitoring of treatment responses and disease progression, thereby offering personalized management strategies for patients. Additionally, we discuss the integration of biosensor technologies with microfluidics and wearable devices, highlighting their immense potential in point-of-care diagnostics. The novelty of this work lies in its comprehensive synthesis of current research, referencing articles published over the past two years, with a focus on biosensors specific to HER2 detection. This work particularly emphasizes multi-modal sensing approaches and their practical applications in clinical settings. By summarizing key findings and ongoing studies, this review aims to elucidate the transformative role of biosensors in enhancing breast cancer management and improving patient outcomes. Search Strategy and Methodology The search strategy for exploring innovative biosensor approaches to detect Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) in breast cancer management involves targeted keywords like “HER2 detection” and “biosensors.” Boolean operators refine searches in databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and IEEE Xplore, focusing on articles published from 2023 to 2025. Inclusion criteria target recent studies on HER2 biosensors, while older or irrelevant articles are excluded. An initial screening identifies relevant literature, followed by quality assessment using tools like the PRISMA statement. Data is extracted on biosensor types, techniques, and performance indicators (sensitivity, specificity). This data is organized thematically, with comparative tables summarizing findings. Alerts are set up in databases for new publications to ensure the review stays current. Overall, this methodology aims to highlight the potential of biosensors in improving patient outcomes in breast cancer management. • Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women, causing approximately 670,000 deaths globally in 2022. • The HER2 protein is a crucial target for diagnostics and therapies in breast cancer treatment. • Advances in nanomaterials, electrochemical, and optical biosensors improve the detection of HER2 protein. • These biosensors enable real-time tracking of treatment responses and disease progression for personalized patient management. • The combination of biosensors with microfluidics and wearables enhances point-of-care diagnostic capabilities.