Innovative Polymer Strategies for Sustainable Food Packaging: Biodegradable, Compostable, and Smart Systems

ABSTRACT The environmental burden posed by conventional petroleum‐based plastics, particularly in food packaging, has catalyzed an urgent shift toward sustainable alternatives. Sustainable polymers, derived from renewable resources or designed for biodegradability and recyclability, have emerged as promising candidates to replace traditional plastics in packaging systems while aligning with circular economy principles. This review provides a comprehensive examination of recent advancements in the development and application of sustainable polymers for food packaging. It explores the chemical nature, processing strategies, and functional performance of various biopolymers, including polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), starch‐based polymers, cellulose derivatives, and protein‐based materials. The review critically discusses their roles in biodegradable films, compostable containers, edible coatings, multilayer barrier structures, mono‐material packaging, and intelligent packaging systems incorporating bio‐based sensors. Special attention is given to innovations enhancing barrier properties, mechanical strength, antimicrobial activity, and end‐of‐life behavior. Furthermore, future directions such as synthetic biology for novel polymer production, advanced biorefinery integration, and the application of life‐cycle assessment (LCA) methodologies are highlighted. By consolidating recent scientific progress and outlining key challenges and opportunities, this review aims to guide researchers, manufacturers, and policymakers in advancing sustainable packaging solutions that meet both environmental and functional demands in the food sector.