From farm to table: India’s transition towards cashew production and sustainable livelihood of smallholder farmers

India is one of the leading cashew-producing nations in the world, and it contributes close to 23% of cashew nuts produced globally. The study analyses the economic and social impacts of cashew cultivation among smallholder farmers in southern India, focusing on income generation, poverty reduction, and sustainable livelihoods. Data were obtained from 267 cashew producers using a mixed-method approach through qualitative interviews, focus group interviews, and a standardized questionnaire. The findings show that the production of cashews contributes greatly to increasing family income, better food availability, enhanced ability of children to access education, greater social recognition, and proper housing. 78% of the farmers indicated cashew cultivation increased their income, 65% indicated improved food security, and 58% indicated increased access to education. However, limited staple crop cultivation raises concern about long-term food security. This study points out the role of government intervention in the form of training, access to quality seed, and promotion of best practices in agriculture among smallholder cashew farmers. Intercropping with staples, stabilization of cashew prices, and organization of cooperatives can reduce economic exposures. Research on climate-resilient cashew varieties is also crucial to environmental concerns. The research gives policymakers and stakeholders in India’s cashew industry valuable information and makes proposals for the maximum benefit with decreased risks to smallholder farmers’ sustainable livelihoods.