Ecological compensation for national parks based on carbon sink and ecosystem services

Ecological compensation (EC) is a critical mechanism for sustainable management in national parks. However, current ecological compensation standards (ECS) formulations often rely on static, single-dimensional methods. These approaches fail to address the diverse and dynamic needs of different areas. This study addresses this gap by establishing a dynamic ECS framework. Our model integrates three multi-dimensional perspectives: carbon sink, ecosystem service value (ESV), and opportunity costs. We applied this framework to China's Yellow River Estuary National Park (YRENP). This case study provides a scientific basis for balancing ecological conservation with regional development. Results from 2000 to 2020 reveal three key findings. First, the study area's net carbon sink increased by 7.38 × 10⁴ t. Wetlands exhibited the highest carbon sequestration intensity per unit area. Second, the total ESV increased by 4.76 × 10⁹ yuan, primarily driven by wetlands. Within regulation services, hydrological regulation contributed the highest ESV. Third, the carbon compensation amount for the study area is 19.11 yuan/ha. The ECS threshold ranges from 2.00 × 10⁴ to 4.76 × 10⁴ yuan/ha. This research provides a robust, multi-dimensional framework for formulating ECS. It offers a new theoretical and methodological foundation for managing national parks and other protected areas.