Neuromodulation in Refractory Bitemporal Lobe Epilepsy in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

This study provides a comprehensive assessment of existing data regarding the use of neuromodulation in refractory BTLE. VNS, RNS, and DBS demonstrated comparable efficacy, supporting their consideration in treatment planning. Clinical decision-making should weigh factors such as surgical candidacy, patient preferences, comorbidities, and side effect profiles. Further research, including standardized reporting and head-to-head trials, is vital for optimizing treatment protocols and expanding our understanding of neuromodulation's impact on seizure reduction, quality of life, and cognitive outcomes in patients with BTLE.