Heterogeneous Associations of Socioeconomic Status with Metabolic Disease in Racial and Ethnic Subgroups in the United States: A Cross-Sectional Cohort Study in NHANES and <i>All Of Us</i>

The associations between SES and metabolic disease, the pathways mediating them, and the patterns of association of SES with disease are heterogeneous or even reversed in different US racial and ethnic groups. To prevent biased estimates in both research and clinical calculators which increasingly attempt to incorporate social determinants of health, researchers and clinicians should examine for heterogeneity between groups, particularly racial and ethnic groups.