From fragments to faces: using metrological analysis for artefact re-identification and provenience attribution

Abstract Focusing on Graeco-Roman cartonnage masks from the Kellis 1 Cemetery (Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt) and a previously uncontextualised mask at the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, this study applies high-resolution 3D scanning, deviation mapping, and digital profile analysis to reconnect dispersed cultural heritage with its archaeological context. It advances three aims: first, to demonstrate how quantitative shape analysis can enable the re-identification and archaeological reintegration of materials lacking known provenience; second, to introduce a novel use for deviation maps beyond conventional applications in engineering and conservation monitoring; and third, to offer an alternative to purely iconographic or typological attribution in archaeology by integrating surface geometry analysis into traditional visual approaches. The findings show that the analysed masks were not only stylistically and iconographically consistent but also metrically identical within sub-millimetric tolerances, indicating shared mould use. This two-way analytical strategy recovers lost provenience, clarifies workshop practices, and strengthens the archaeological value of museum collections.