Water stress and sustainable development: empirical evidence on health and environmental risks

Purpose This study examines the impact of water stress on public health and the environment, employing robust econometric methods. Design/methodology/approach The analysis draws on panel data from 33 countries over 20 years. These countries have experienced significant water stress over the past decade. We empirically validate the hypothesis that water stress affects both public health and the environment, employing System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), Panel-Corrected Standard Errors (PCSE), and Driscoll–Kraay estimators as an econometric technique. Findings The results reveal that water stress has significant adverse effects on both public health and the environment. Based on the findings, integrated water resource management policies should be prioritized to protect both public health and the environment. Emphasis should be placed on efficient water use, improved infrastructure, and conservation practices to mitigate the risks associated with water stress. Originality/value The approach of combining water stress indicators with health and environmental metrics enables this study to offer an integrated framework that guides evidence-based policy interventions.