Multifunctional cotton/flax blend denim: Physical properties reinforcement and antimicrobial protection through AgNPs finishing

The development of hygienic and multifunctional apparel has been reshaped by the furtherance of nanotechnology. This study investigates and optimizes the outcome of the AgNPs finishing on the denim fabrics to impart antibacterial efficacy and to improve its comfort. Cotton/flax blend denim fabric were treated with varying AgNPs concentration and were assessed against both Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) bacterial strains. The AgNPs finished denim fabric exhibited significant bacterial inhibitory action against both strains, achieving up to 95 % reduction against Escherichia coli. Cell viability assessment evaluation showed acceptable cytotoxicity against human fibroblast cells ensuring desired biocompatibility. Physical parameter evaluation revealed that AgNPs incorporation noticeably enhanced tensile and tear strength through surface reinforcement and modification. Increasing AgNPs dosing (150ppm) had a detrimental effect on the thermal comfort, smoothness and overall moisture management due to increase in surface roughness. Among the tested concentration, 150ppm AgNPs finished denim fabrics provided best overall balance, ensuring enhanced antibacterial efficacy, desired biocompatibility, improved mechanical properties and desired comfort. This study demonstrates and establishes the optimal AgNPs dosing concentration to denim nanofinishing to develop durable, hygienic and multifunctional denim apparel for long lasting and durable wears.