Multi-section landscape intervention for driving fatigue in extra-long tunnels: A real-road driving study based on visual perception and adaptation

The study demonstrates that multi-section landscape zones effectively regulate the allocation of drivers' visual attention by reconstructing the visual environment within tunnels. However, the intervention efficacy progressively attenuates with fatigue accumulation. Notably, drivers' visual adaptation capacity deteriorates prior to measurable declines in environmental perception. These findings provide critical evidence for optimizing fatigue-alleviating landscape design in extra-long tunnels.