Identifying gaps of Cyperaceae distribution in the Brazilian Amazon and the efficiency of Protected Areas in Preserving its taxa diversity

Despite recent scientific advances, biodiversity remains underestimated and faces gaps, including the Wallacean gap, referring to the lack of knowledge about geographical distribution and limited understanding of taxa. The Amazon, as a center of endemism, requires more research, hindered by limited resources and access. Despite increased studies on the Cyperaceae family, significant research gaps remain in the Brazilian Amazon. This study identified gaps in Cyperaceae distribution that occur in Brazil in the Brazilian Amazon, analyzing the efficiency of Protected Areas in preserving its diversity. Data revealed 850 species and 223,779 occurrences; after updates, 324 species remained, totaling 5.741 records, with 74.1% belonging to Rhynchospora (n=1.436), Cyperus (n=1.272), Scleria (n=822), Eleocharis (n=439), and Calyptrocarya (n=285). Collections are unevenly distributed, with notable gaps in Pará and Amazonas, concentrated near urban centers. Analyses show most Protected Areas fail to encompass Cyperaceae biodiversity. Investments in research and access to remote regions are key to reducing gaps. Understanding why Amazonian Protected Areas are under-sampled is crucial.