How do two different local authorities (LAs) support pupils who are at risk of permanent exclusion and overcome problems with reintegrating into mainstream secondary school following permanent exclusion?

Permanent exclusion is one of the most serious punitive disciplinary measures enforced in response to a pupil’s behaviour. The rate of school suspensions and permanent exclusions remains a growing concern in England. A case study design, utilising semi-structured interviews with local authority (LA) staff, school staff and pupils in two LAs, explored how LA and secondary school systems operate to support pupils who have experienced or are at risk of permanent exclusion. Findings demonstrated key areas of support for successful reintegration, including pupil-staff relationships, personalised support, staff approach and understanding of need. Cross-case analysis revealed differences in systemic approaches across the cases and highlighted current challenges within the UK context. The paper concludes by considering the findings in line with current research and implications for future practice.