Children as frontline detectors: School-based programs can enhance early monitoring of Vespa velutina

The yellow-legged hornet ( Vespa velutina ) is an invasive predator that poses a significant threat to native biodiversity and apiculture in Europe. Early detection and rapid response are crucial to prevent its establishment and further spread. In this study, we tested the potential of using elementary school pupils as active contributors to V. velutina surveillance through a targeted educational program. A total of 358 pupils (aged 10–11 years) participated in a program that included information on V. velutina biology, its ecological and economic impacts, and key identification features, supported by practical demonstrations using real specimens. Knowledge of fundamentals of V. velutina biology and identification skills were assessed using pre-tests, post-tests one week after the program, and follow-up tests after 2–3 months. The results showed a significant improvement in both knowledge scores and identification accuracy, with knowledge retention confirmed several months later. In a practical verification experiment six months after the program, dead V. velutina individuals were placed in classrooms on the windowsill; and their presence was successfully reported in 64.3% of the cases. Control of the verification experiment, by placing dead V. crabro individuals into the classrooms, resulted in no false reports of invasive species. These findings demonstrate that educational programs can be a simple, cost-effective tool for increasing public engagement in invasive species monitoring, significantly improving early detection capacity. Implementing such programs, particularly in regions at risk of invasion, could greatly enhance management strategies and reduce socio-economic and ecological impacts.