Differential Analysis of Non-Volatile and Volatile Organic Compounds in Lonicerae japonicae Flos Across Four Geographical Origins of China Using HS-GC-IMS, HS-SPME-GC-MS, UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, and Multivariate Statistical Methods

Geographical origin constitutes one of the key factors that exert an influence on chemical compounds of <i>Lonicerae japonicae</i> flos (LJF). The present research was designed to explore differences among volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and non-VOCs among LJF samples from four geographical origins. Selection of 32 LJF samples with similar genetic backgrounds was performed using simple sequence repeat markers. Headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) and headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) were utilized to analyze VOCs, while non-VOCs were detected via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). Multivariate statistical analyses were applied to screen differential compounds. The results indicated that HS-SPME-GC-MS and HS-GC-IMS identified 80 and 57 VOCs, respectively, with 34 key differential VOCs screened out, exhibiting significant variations among origins. For non-VOCs, 130 compounds were identified, with 19 key differential compounds showing geographical differences. This study further facilitates a comprehensive understanding of the chemical composition of LJF from different origins.