Polymorphism-driven transcriptomic changes in anthelmintic metabolism pathways of Anisakis simplex s.s. L3 larvae

Our findings reveal complex, drug-specific regulatory mechanisms in A. simplex, encompassing transcriptional remodeling, alternative splicing and functional SNVs. Novel modulation of trehalose metabolism and cytoskeletal genes, alongside potential roles for ABC transporters and RNA-binding proteins, suggests diverse adaptive strategies underlying anthelmintic tolerance. This study represents the first integrated transcriptomic and variant-level analysis of Anisakis under drug pressure and provides new insights into molecular resistance mechanisms in marine nematodes, with implications for therapeutic innovation and monitoring strategies.