Facilitating Novice Visual Search with tES over rIFG: Baseline-Dependent Gains in Target Identification

<b>Background/Objectives:</b> Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) shows potential for enhancing attention and learning, yet its effects in applied contexts remain underexplored. This study investigated whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) either alone or in combination with high-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation (hf-tRNS) over the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) could enhance performance in a visual search task requiring target identification and change detection, compared with a low-current control condition. <b>Methods:</b> Sixty-four participants were randomly assigned to receive tDCS alone (2.0 mA), tDCS with hf-tRNS (1.8 mA DC offset combined with 100-500 Hz noise at ±0.18 mA), or low-current control stimulation during training. The task involved identifying vehicles and detecting changes between image presentations. Performance accuracy and EEG oscillatory power were assessed at baseline and post-stimulation. <b>Results:</b> ANCOVA revealed significant effects of stimulation on target identification accuracy (F(2,60) = 3.27, <i>p</i> = 0.045, η<i>p</i>² = 0.098), with tDCS showing greater improvement than the low-current control condition (<i>p</i> = 0.017). No significant effects were found for change detection for any stimulation condition, or for either the target or change detection for hf-tRNS. Baseline performance moderated stimulation effects: low performers receiving tDCS showed the greatest improvements (F(2,26) = 3.80, <i>p</i> = 0.036, η<i>p</i>² = 0.226), surpassing even high-baseline performers post-training. EEG analyses revealed that participants who showed greater decreases in frontal theta power demonstrated larger improvements in accuracy with tDCS alone (r = -0.634, <i>p</i> = 0.005) but not with hf-tRNS or the control. <b>Conclusions:</b> tDCS over rIFG selectively enhanced target identification accuracy in a complex visual search, particularly benefiting individuals with lower-baseline performance. These findings suggest tDCS may facilitate training in lower-performing novice populations.