Gamma entrainment modulates cognitive impaired subgroup of depression: Evidence from EEG microstate dynamics

Our findings delineate a distinct neurophysiological signature of the cognitive biotype of depression, marked by bidirectional dysregulation of large-scale neural synchrony. These results position gamma-driven neuromodulation as a potential therapeutic strategy for restoring network synchrony in cognitive-biased depression, while highlighting microstate metrics as sensitive biomarkers for biotype stratification. Future studies should validate these dynamics in longitudinal cohorts and assess their predictive value for treatment responsiveness.