Designing WTO halal-compliant measures: what do we learn from halal trade concerns?

Purpose This study aims to comprehensively identify countries’ objectives in implementing halal measures and which aspects of halal measures are raised as constraints in the WTO. It also aims to review countries’ best practices in halal measures and assess their compliance with the WTO TBT Agreement. Design/methodology/approach This research used qualitative methods of screening, categorization and benchmarking to examine case studies from relevant WTO halal cases/regulations. Findings This study finds that halal measures are commonly designed to achieve objectives including consumer information and labeling; prevention of deceptive practices; protection of human health or safety; quality requirements and others. Meanwhile, halal labeling and certification; facilities and logistics; traceability/verification issues; product coverage; recognition of foreign halal certification/accreditation bodies; procedural and administrative issues; and the use of international standards are commonly raised regarding their compatibility with the TBT Agreement. Moreover, six provisions have been used minimally to assess halal compliance measures, including Art. 2.1; Art. 2.2; Art 2.12; Art. 6; Art. 2.9; and Art. 2.4. Research limitations/implications Primarily, its scope is confined to halal-related cases and regulations within the WTO framework. Practical implications This study provides guidance for governments on how to design halal measures that align with WTO rules while still achieving their policy objectives. Originality/value Halal cases have been minimally challenged in the WTO, making it difficult to assess the compliance of halal measures under WTO rules. This study provides guidance to be used in designing WTO-compliant halal measures that facilitate global halal trade.