Modelling wind farm effects in HARMONIE-AROME (cycle 43.2.2) – Part 2: wind turbine database and application to Europe

Abstract. Wind farm parameterizations (WFPs) are used to include the effects of operating wind farms on near-surface weather variables simulated by weather forecasting. In the first part of this series of papers, we implemented and evaluated two WPFs in the HARMONIE-AROME numerical weather prediction model (Fischereit et al., 2024). In this second part, we apply them in HARMONIE-AROME to perform sequential weather forecasts for Northern Europe with a lead time of 48 h every 12 h for two separate months. Combined, the selected summer and winter months are shown to represent the 30-year wind climate (wind speed, wind direction, and stability) in the forecast area reasonably well. A European wind turbine database is constructed as an input for the forecasts by combining eight different sources, harmonizing and filling gaps in the combined data set, filling missing data using random forest-based models, and associating wind farm information with individual turbines using a developed wind farm splitting algorithm. The final product and the algorithms are published for open access. We included scenarios for the forecasts with both on- and offshore turbines, as well as only offshore turbines, and analyzed the impact of wind farms on the hub height wind and near-surface temperature forecast. The forecasts using the WFPs show strong reductions in hub height wind speed near the wind farms. Wind forecast using the WFP of Fitch et al. (2012) compares best with observations for all sites, especially for mast and lidar sites close to wind farms. Onshore turbines have a non-negligible wake effect both in terms of strength and area, and must, therefore, be included for accurate wind forecasting. The differences in wind speed between forecasts ignoring wind farms and with a WFP included are statistically significant for many on- and offshore farms. The impact of wind farms on near-surface temperature is small on average over the 2 months, but can be considerable during certain periods. The two WFPs cause opposing signs of impact, i.e., warming versus cooling during nighttime.