China’s Partnership Diplomacy and the Formation of Gulf Regional Order

External engagement constitutes a critical factor in shaping the Gulf regional order. Historically, the United States’ alliance system served as the primary mechanism through which Gulf states established order and secured protection. However, the emergence of China’s partnership diplomacy has introduced an alternative pathway for Gulf countries to strengthen autonomy and integration within the regional order. This article examines the defining characteristics of China’s partnership diplomacy, demonstrating that it offers distinct advantages for Gulf states in fostering a cohesive regional order. It further posits that China’s approach presents significant opportunities for Gulf countries to engage in more reciprocal and constructive external relationships. The article also explores the limitations of China’s partnership diplomacy in influencing the regional order, emphasizing that enhanced regional cooperation and agency among Gulf states are essential catalysts for China’s diplomacy to exert more significant impact on the formation of a stable and autonomous regional order.