Non-Destructive Testing for Conveyor Belt Monitoring and Diagnostics: A Review

Conveyor belts are among the most critical components of material transport systems across various industrial sectors, including mining, energy, cement production, metallurgy, and logistics. Their reliability directly affects the continuity and operational costs. Traditional methods for assessing belt condition often require downtime, are labor-intensive, and involve a degree of subjectivity. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in non-destructive and remote diagnostic techniques that enable continuous and automated condition monitoring. This paper provides a comprehensive review of current diagnostic solutions, including machine vision systems, infrared thermography, ultrasonic and acoustic techniques, magnetic inspection methods, vibration sensors, and modern approaches based on radar and hyperspectral imaging. Particular attention is paid to the integration of measurement systems with artificial intelligence algorithms for automated damage detection, classification, and failure prediction. The advantages and limitations of each method are discussed, along with the perspectives for future development, such as digital twin concepts and predictive maintenance. The review aims to present recent trends in non-invasive diagnostics of conveyor belts using remote and non-destructive testing techniques, and to identify research directions that can enhance the reliability and efficiency of industrial transport systems.