The Prophylactic and Therapeutic Effects of Ficus carica Seed Oil on TNBS-Induced Experimental Model of Ulcerative Colitis

Aim: Ficus carica (fig) fruit is known for its rich bioactive content and medicinal properties. Fig seed oil, in particular, contains high levels of antioxidants and tocopherols. This study aimed to evaluate the potential preventive and therapeutic effects of cold-pressed fig seed oil on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced experimental colitis in rats. Material and Methods: Sixty Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups: Sham, TNBS, and Ficus carica seed oil administration for 3-day 3 mL/kg (SFC3), 3-day 6 mL/kg (SFC6), 15-day 3 mL/kg (LFC3), and 15-day 6 mL/kg (LFC6). Colitis was induced using TNBS dissolved in 37% ethanol. Fig seed oil was administered at 3 mL/kg and 6 mL/kg doses, once daily for 12 days prior to induction and 3 days post-induction for long-term (15-day) groups, while for short-term (3-day) groups, it was administered once daily for 3 days after induction. Results: Histological analysis revealed significantly lower tissue damage in fig seed oil-treated groups compared to the TNBS group. Long-term treatment groups showed better histopathological recovery than short-term treatment groups. Biochemical markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, including myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), were significantly reduced in treatment groups. Conversely, antioxidant enzyme levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), were significantly higher. These biochemical findings were consistent with histological improvements. Conclusion: Cold-pressed fig seed oil may exert therapeutic effects against colitis through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It shows promise as a supplementary treatment option for inflammatory bowel disease.