Extracellular vesicle–mediated microRNA signaling: expanding insights into intercellular communication and disease modulation

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly exosomes, have emerged as key mediators of intercellular communication by transporting microRNAs (miRNAs). Recent studies indicate that EV-associated miRNAs regulate gene expression across diverse physiological and pathological processes, including cancer metastasis, neuroinflammation, kidney injury, and cardiovascular disease. Understanding the selective packaging, trafficking, and functional consequences of EV-miRNA transfer may enable the development of biomarkers and targeted therapies based on vesicle-mediated signaling.